This blogpost presents a compiled overview of the disruptive wiper attacks that we have observed in Ukraine since the beginning of 2022, shortly before the Russian military invasion started. We were able to attribute the majority of these attacks to Sandworm, with varying degrees of confidence. The compilation includes attacks seen by ESET, as well as some reported by other reputable sources like CERT-UA, Microsoft, and SentinelOne.

Note: Approximate dates (~) are used when the exact date of deployment in uncertain or unknown. In some cases, the date of discovery or (in the case of non-ESET discoveries) the date of publication of the attack is used.

Pre-invasion

Among numerous waves of DDoS attacks that had been targeting Ukrainian institutions at the time, the WhisperGate malware struck on January 14th, 2022. The wiper masqueraded as ransomware, echoing NotPetya from June 2017 – a tactic that would also be seen in later attacks.

On February 23rd, 2022, a destructive campaign using HermeticWiper targeted hundreds of systems in at least five Ukrainian organizations. This data wiper was first spotted just before 17:00 local time (15:00 UTC): the cyberattack preceded, by only a few hours, the invasion of Ukraine by Russian Federation forces. Alongside HermeticWiper, the HermeticWizard worm and HermeticRansom faux ransomware were also deployed in the campaign.

Invasion and spring wave

On February 24th, 2022, with the Ukrainian winter thawing away, a second destructive attack against a Ukrainian governmental network started, using a wiper we have named IsaacWiper.

Also on the day of the invasion, the AcidRain wiper campaign targeted Viasat KA-SAT modems, with spillover outside of Ukraine as well.

Another wiper, initially disclosed by Microsoft, is DesertBlade, reportedly deployed on March 1st, 2022 and again around March 17th, 2022. The same report also mentions attacks using wipers from the Hermetic campaign, namely HermeticWiper (Microsoft calls it FoxBlade) around March 10th, 2022, HermeticRansom (Microsoft calls it SonicVote) around March 17th, 2022, and an attack around March 24th, 2022 using both HermeticWiper and HermeticRansom.

CERT-UA reported on its discovery of the DoubleZero wiper on March 17th, 2022.

On March 14th, 2022, ESET researchers detected an attack using CaddyWiper, which targeted a Ukrainian bank.

Further resources:
ESET Research podcast: Ukraine’s past and present cyberwar
ESET Research webinar: How APT groups have turned Ukraine into a cyber‑battlefield

On April 1st, 2022, we detected CaddyWiper again, this time being loaded by the ArguePatch loader, which is typically a modified, legitimate binary that is used to load shellcode from an external file. We detected a similar scenario on May 16th, 2022, where ArguePatch took the form of a modified ESET binary.

We also detected the ArguePatch-CaddyWiper tandem on April 8th, 2022, in perhaps the most ambitious Sandworm attacks since the beginning of the invasion: their unsuccessful attempt to disrupt the flow of electricity using Industroyer2. In addition to ArguePatch and CaddyWiper, in this incident, we also discovered wipers for non-Windows platforms: ORCSHRED, SOLOSHRED, and AWFULSHRED. For details, see the notification by CERT-UA, and our WeLiveSecurity blogpost.

A quieter summer

The summer months saw fewer discoveries of new wiper campaigns in Ukraine as compared to the previous months, yet several notable attacks did occur.

We have worked together with CERT-UA on cases of ArguePatch (and CaddyWiper) deployments against Ukrainian institutions. The first incident took place in the week starting June 20th, 2022, and another on June 23rd, 2022.

Autumn wave

With temperatures dropping in preparation for the northern winter, on October 3rd, 2022 we detected a new version of CaddyWiper deployed in Ukraine. Unlike the previously used variants, this time CaddyWiper was compiled as an x64 Windows binary.

On October 5th, 2022, we identified a new version of HermeticWiper that had been uploaded to VirusTotal. The functionality of this HermeticWiper sample was the same as in the previous instances, with a few minor changes.

On October 11th, 2022, we detected Prestige ransomware being deployed against logistics companies in Ukraine and Poland. This campaign was also reported by Microsoft.

On the same day, we also identified a previously unknown wiper, which we named NikoWiper. This wiper was used against a company in the energy sector in Ukraine. NikoWiper is based on the SDelete Microsoft command line utility for securely deleting files.

On November 11th, 2022, CERT-UA published a blogpost about an attack using the Somnia faux ransomware.

On November 21st, 2022, we detected in Ukraine new ransomware written in .NET that we named RansomBoggs. The ransomware has multiple references to the movie Monsters, Inc. We observed that the malware operators used POWERGAP scripts to deploy this filecoder.

January 2023

In 2023 the disruptive attacks against Ukrainian institutions continue.

On January 1st, 2023, we detected execution of the SDelete utility at a Ukrainian software reseller.

Another attack using multiple wipers, this time against a Ukrainian news agency, took place on January 17th, 2023, according to CERT-UA. The following wipers were detected in this attack: CaddyWiper, ZeroWipe, SDelete, AwfulShred, and BidSwipe. BidSwipe is noteworthy, as it is a FreeBSD OS wiper.

On January 25th, 2023, we detected a new wiper, written in Go and that we named SwiftSlicer, being deployed against Ukrainian local government entities.

In almost all the above-mentioned cases, Sandworm used Active Directory Group Policy (T1484.001) to deploy its wipers and ransomware, specifically using the POWERGAP script.

Conclusion

The use of disruptive wipers – and even wipers masquerading as ransomware – by Russian APT groups, especially Sandworm, against Ukrainian organizations is hardly new. Since around 2014, BlackEnergy employed disruptive plugins; the KillDisk wiper was a common denominator in Sandworm attacks in the past; and the Telebots subgroup has launched numerous wiper attacks, most infamously NotPetya.

Yet the intensification of wiper campaigns since the military invasion in February 2022 has been unprecedented. On a positive note, many of the attacks have been detected and thwarted. However, we continue to monitor the situation vigilantly, as we expect the attacks to continue.

For any inquiries about our research published on WeLiveSecurity, please contact us at threatintel@eset.com.
ESET Research also offers private APT intelligence reports and data feeds. For any inquiries about this service, visit the ESET Threat Intelligence page 

IoCs

Files

SHA-1 Filename ESET detection name Description
189166D382C73C242BA45889D57980548D4BA37E stage1.exe Win32/KillMBR.NGI WhisperGate stage 1 MBR overwriter.
A67205DC84EC29EB71BB259B19C1A1783865C0FC N/A Win32/KillFiles.NKU WhisperGate stage 2 final payload.
912342F1C840A42F6B74132F8A7C4FFE7D40FB77 com.exe Win32/KillDisk.NCV HermeticWiper.
61B25D11392172E587D8DA3045812A66C3385451 conhosts.exe Win32/KillDisk.NCV HermeticWiper.
F32D791EC9E6385A91B45942C230F52AFF1626DF cc2.exe WinGo/Filecoder.BK HermeticRansom.
86906B140B019FDEDAABA73948D0C8F96A6B1B42 ukrop Linux/AcidRain.A AcidRain.
AD602039C6F0237D4A997D5640E92CE5E2B3BBA3 cl64.dll Win32/KillMBR.NHP IsaacWiper.
736A4CFAD1ED83A6A0B75B0474D5E01A3A36F950 cld.dll Win32/KillMBR.NHQ IsaacWiper.
E9B96E9B86FAD28D950CA428879168E0894D854F clean.exe Win32/KillMBR.NHP IsaacWiper.
5C01947A49280CE98FB39D0B72311B47C47BC5CC clean.exe Win32/KillMBR.NHP IsaacWiper.
59F5B9AECE751E58BE16E7F7A7A6D8C044F583BE cll.exe Win32/KillMBR.NHQ IsaacWiper.
172FBE91867C1D6B7F3E2899CEA69113BB1F21A0 notes.exe WinGo/KillFiles.A DesertBlade wiper.
46671348C1A61B3A8BFBA025E64E5549B7FDFA98 N/A Win32/KillDisk.NCV HermeticWiper.
DB0DA0D92D90657EA91C02336E0605E96DB92C05 clrs.exe Win32/KillDisk.NCV HermeticWiper.
98B3FB74B3E8B3F9B05A82473551C5A77B576D54 caddy.exe Win32/KillDisk.NCX CaddyWiper.
320116162D78AFB8E00FD972591479A899D3DFEE cpcrs.exe MSIL/KillFiles.CK DoubleZero wiper.
43B3D5FFAE55116C68C504339C5D953CA25C0E3F csrss.exe MSIL/KillFiles.CK DoubleZero wiper.
48F54A1D93C912ADF36C79BB56018DEFF190A35C ukcphone.exe Win32/Agent.AECG ArguePatch shellcode loader.
6FA04992C0624C7AA3CA80DA6A30E6DE91226A16 peremoga.exe Win32/Agent.AECG ArguePatch shellcode loader.
9CE1491CE69809F92AE1FE8D4C0783BD1D11FBE7 pa1.pay Win32/KillDisk.NDA Encrypted CaddyWiper shellcode.
3CDBC19BC4F12D8D00B81380F7A2504D08074C15 wobf.sh Linux/KillFiles.C AwfulShred Linux wiper.
8FC7646FA14667D07E3110FE754F61A78CFDE6BC wsol.sh Linux/KillFiles.B SoloShred Solaris wipe.
796362BD0304E305AD120576B6A8FB6721108752 eset_ssl_filtered_cert_importer.exe Win32/Agent.AEGY ArguePatch shellcode loader.
8F3830CB2B93C21818FDBFCF526A027601277F9B spn.exe Win32/Agent.AEKA ArguePatch shellcode loader.
3D5C2E1B792F690FBCF05441DF179A3A48888618 mslrss.exe Win32/Agent.AEKA ArguePatch shellcode loader.
EB437FF79E639742EE36E89F30C6A21072B86CBC caclcly.exe Win64/Agent.BQZ CaddyWiper x64.
57E3D0108636F6EE56C801F128306AD43AF60EE6 cmrss.exe Win32/KillDisk.NCV HermeticWiper.
986BA7A5714AD5B0DE0D040D1C066389BCB81A67 open.exe Win32/Filecoder.Prestige.A Prestige filecoder.
C7186DEF5E9C3E1B01BF506F538F5D6185377A9C sysate32.exe Win32/Filecoder.Prestige.A Prestige filecoder.
59621F5EFC311FDFE66683266CE9CB17F8227B23 mstc_niko.exe Win32/DelAll.NAH NikoWiper.
84E6A010B372D845C723A8B8D7DDD8D79675DCE5 Sullivan.1.v2.0.exe MSIL/Filecoder.RansomBoggs.A RansomBoggs filecoder.
F4D1C047923B9D10031BB709AABF1A250AB0AAA2 Sullivan.1.v4.5.exe MSIL/Filecoder.RansomBoggs.A RansomBoggs filecoder.
9A3D63C6E127243B3036BC0E242789EC1D2AB171 Sullivan.2.v2.exe MSIL/Filecoder.RansomBoggs.A RansomBoggs filecoder.
BB187EB125070176BD7EC6C57CFF166708DD60E1 Sullivan.2.v4.exe MSIL/Filecoder.RansomBoggs.A RansomBoggs filecoder.
3D593A39FA20FED851B9BEFB4FF2D391B43BDF08 Sullivan.v2.5.exe MSIL/Filecoder.RansomBoggs.A RansomBoggs filecoder.
021308C361C8DE7C38EF135BC3B53439EB4DA0B4 Sullivan.v4.5.exe MSIL/Filecoder.RansomBoggs.A RansomBoggs filecoder.
7346E2E29FADDD63AE5C610C07ACAB46B2B1B176 help.exe WinGo/KillFiles.C SwiftSlicer wiper.